Blackjack Strategy: The Ultimate Guide to Online Blackjack

Blackjack is one of the most popular casino table games worldwide. This guide covers everything you need to know - from the rules and strategy and expert tips for optimising your play.
Author Jonathan Raab, was runner-up in the 2010 European Masters of Blackjack tournament and has even developed his own blackjack betting system (more on that later).
Table of Contents
Blackjack originated from the centuries-old French game Vingt-et-Un (21), which itself was derived from baccarat. It follows a similar numeric value system, where most cards are worth their face value, face cards count as 10 and aces can be worth either 1 or 11.
The objective is to beat the dealer by achieving a higher total without exceeding 21.
How the Game Works
- Players are dealt two cards and can choose to draw additional cards (hit) or keep their current total (stand).
- If a player's total exceeds 21, their hand is bust and they automatically lose.
- Once the player has finished, the dealer plays their hand, but unlike players, the dealer follows a fixed set of rules to determine whether to hit or stand.
Winning and Payouts
- If a player's total is higher than the dealer’s, they win. If it’s lower, they lose. A tie (or push) returns the original stake.
- Winning bets are typically paid at 1:1, except for a natural blackjack (an ace and a 10-value card), which usually pays 3:2.
That covers the basics, but there’s more to mastering the game. In the next section, we’ll walk through the full process of playing a hand of blackjack.
Blackjack was traditionally played with a single deck of 52 cards. While single-deck games still exist, most casinos now use six or eight decks shuffled together in a shoe. Regardless of the number of decks, the fundamental rules remain the same.
Placing Your Bet
Before a hand is dealt, players must place a bet within the table’s minimum and maximum limits. Once the cards are dealt, the initial wager cannot be changed, though certain situations allow players to increase their bet.
Dealing the Cards
- Each player is dealt two cards face up.
- The dealer also receives two cards - one face up and one face down (hole card).
- In single-deck games, player cards may sometimes be dealt face down.
This describes American blackjack, where the dealer receives a hole card. In European blackjack, the dealer receives only one face-up card initially and the second card is not dealt until the dealer’s turn to act.
Player Options
Once the cards are dealt, players must decide their next move based on their hand and the dealer’s up-card. The main options are:
- Hit: Take another card from the dealer. This can be repeated until the player stands or their total exceeds 21 (bust).
- Stand: Keep the current total and end the turn.
- Double Down: Double the original bet in exchange for receiving just one more card. The hand automatically stands after this card is dealt.
- Split: If dealt two cards of the same value, the player can split them into two separate hands by placing an additional bet equal to the original stake. Each hand is then played independently.
- Surrender: Some casinos allow players to forfeit their hand and recover half their bet instead of playing it out.
Decisions should be made strategically, considering both the player's total and the dealer’s up-card.
Dealer Play
Once all players have acted, the dealer plays their hand. Unlike players, the dealer must follow a strict set of rules:
- The dealer always hits on a total of 16 or lower.
- The dealer always stands on 17 or higher (though some casinos require the dealer to hit on soft 17 - a 17 that includes an ace counted as 11).
- The dealer never splits or doubles down.
Winning and Payouts
- Win: If the player’s final total is higher than the dealers without busting, they win even money (1:1) on their bet.
- Push: If the player and dealer have the same total, the bet is returned (tie).
- Loss: If the dealer has a higher total, the player loses their stake.
Blackjack and Special Cases
- Natural Blackjack: A player holding an ace and a 10-value card wins immediately, unless the dealer also has blackjack. Standard payouts are 3:2, though some casinos pay 6:5 at lower-stakes tables.
- Dealer Blackjack: If the dealer’s up-card is an ace or a 10, they will check for blackjack before payouts are made. If the dealer also has blackjack, the bet is a push.
- 21 vs. Blackjack: A player reaching 21 with multiple cards loses if the dealer has a natural blackjack.
Doubling Down
Doubling down allows players to double their original bet in exchange for receiving just one more card.
- American Blackjack: Players can double down on any two-card total (except 21).
- European Blackjack: Some casinos restrict doubling to hands totaling 9, 10, or 11.
Important Rule: Once you double down, you receive just one additional card and must stand on the final total, regardless of the outcome.
Splitting Pairs
Splitting is an option when a player’s first two cards are of the same rank (e.g. two 8s or two Jacks).
- The player places an additional bet equal to the original wager.
- Each card then forms a separate hand, with another card dealt to complete both hands.
- The two hands are played independently.
Blackjack After Splitting:
- If a player forms blackjack after splitting, it is not considered a natural blackjack. Instead of the usual 3:2 payout, it is treated as a standard win and paid out at even money (1:1).
Both doubling and splitting are key strategic moves in blackjack that allow players to increase their potential winnings when the conditions are right.
Surrender
Surrender allows players to forfeit their hand in exchange for getting back half of their bet. This option is available in American Blackjack but not European Blackjack.
Types of Surrender
- Early Surrender: Players can surrender before the dealer checks for blackjack. This is rarely available in modern casinos.
- Late Surrender: Players can surrender only after the dealer checks their hole card for blackjack. This is more commonly allowed.
While the base game of blackjack is popular on its own, side bets add extra betting opportunities for players seeking additional excitement. Introduced in the late 20th century, they have become a common feature at many casino blackjack tables.
How Side Bets Work
- Side bets are optional and can be placed alongside the main hand.
- They have a higher house edge than standard blackjack, making them more profitable for casinos.
- Some side bets are linked to progressive jackpots, with pooled prizes across multiple tables or even different casinos.
- Blackjack purists tend to avoid side bets, as they generally offer a worse return and slow down gameplay due to extra dealer actions.
Common Blackjack Side Bets
- Insurance: A bet against the dealer having blackjack, available when the dealer shows an Ace.
- Perfect Pairs: Pays out if the player’s first two cards form a pair (e.g., two Kings).
- 21 + 3: A bet based on the player’s first two cards and the dealer’s up-card forming a poker-style hand (e.g., a straight or flush).
Side bets are widely available both in land-based and online casinos, but players should be aware of their higher house edge before placing them.
Insurance
Insurance is a blackjack side bet offered only when the dealer’s up-card is an ace. Players can choose to place an insurance bet equal to half their original stake, which pays 2:1 if the dealer has blackjack.
How It Works:
- If the dealer has blackjack, the insurance bet wins, covering the player’s original loss and providing a small profit.
- If the dealer doesn’t have blackjack, the insurance bet is lost and the hand continues as normal.
Should You Take Insurance?
In most cases, no - insurance is a high house-edge bet (over 7%). While it may seem like protection, it’s rarely a good long-term strategy unless you are counting cards.
Biggest Risk:
If the dealer doesn’t have blackjack, you lose the insurance bet and can still lose the hand, doubling your loss. Unless you're an expert card counter, it’s best to avoid taking insurance.
Perfect Pairs
The Perfect Pairs side bet is based on the player's first two cards, with payouts depending on how closely they match.
Payouts:
- Mixed Pair: Two cards of the same rank, different suit/colour (5:1)
- Coloured Pair: Two cards of the same rank and colour (12:1)
- Perfect Pair: Two identical cards (same rank & suit) (25:1)
House Edge:
The house edge varies between 2% and 10%, depending on the casino’s paytable.
21+3
The 21+3 side bet is based on the player's first two cards plus the dealer's up-card, forming a poker-style hand.
Payouts:
- Flush: All three cards of the same suit (5:1)
- Straight: Three consecutive ranks (e.g., 6-7-8) (10:1)
- Three of a Kind: Any three matching ranks (30:1)
- Straight Flush: Three consecutive ranks of the same suit (40:1)
- Suited Triple: Three identical cards (e.g., 10♠ 10♠ 10♠) (100:1)
House Edge by Deck Count:
- 4 decks: 8.78%
- 5 decks: 7.81%
- 6 decks: 7.14%
- 7 decks: 6.29%
The more decks in play, the lower the house edge - though it remains significantly higher than the main blackjack game.
Before diving deeper into the game, it’s useful to understand key blackjack terms. Knowing these will help you follow the action at the table and make informed decisions.
Soft Total
A hand that includes an ace valued as 11. For example, an ace and a six can be worth either 7 or 17. The advantage of soft totals is that drawing another card can’t result in an immediate bust - if needed, the ace’s value automatically switches to 1.
Hard Total
A hand that either doesn’t contain an ace or contains one valued as 1. Unlike soft totals, hard totals don’t offer the flexibility of adjusting an ace’s value to avoid busting.
Natural Blackjack
A two-card hand consisting of an ace and a 10-value card (10, J, Q, or K). A natural blackjack typically pays 3:2, though some casinos offer a less favourable 6:5 payout. If blackjack is achieved by splitting aces or tens, it is not considered a natural blackjack and pays only even money.
Card Counting
A strategy where players track the ratio of high to low cards remaining in the deck. Since a deck rich in 10s and aces is advantageous for players, skilled card counters can adjust their bets accordingly to reduce or even overcome the house edge.
High Count / Low Count
- High Count: A deck that contains a higher proportion of high-value cards (10s and aces), increasing the chances of blackjacks and favourable doubling/splitting situations.
- Low Count: A deck with more low-value cards (2–6), favouring the dealer.
Shoe
A device used in casinos to hold and dispense multiple decks of shuffled cards. Blackjack shoes typically contain six or eight decks to discourage card counting.
Continuous Shuffler
An automated machine that continuously shuffles cards after each hand. Since cards are always being reintroduced into the deck, card counting is ineffective in games using a continuous shuffler.
Mid-Shoe Entry
The act of joining a blackjack game while a shoe is already in progress. Some casinos prohibit mid-shoe entry to prevent players from exploiting card counting opportunities.
While blackjack is primarily a game of luck, strategic decision-making plays a key role.
Developed in the 1950s, optimal (or basic) blackjack strategy is the best way to reduce the house edge. When applied correctly, it can lower the house edge to under 1% in most variants.
How Basic Strategy Works
The fundamentals of optimal blackjack play are simple and focus on four key decisions:
✔ When to hit (draw another card)
✔ When to stand (keep your total)
✔ When to double down
✔ When to split pairs
For American Blackjack, knowing when to surrender is also essential.
Does Strategy Change by Variant?
While basic strategy remains mostly the same, certain decisions vary based on whether you're playing American or European blackjack. Other game variations, such as Blackjack Switch, introduce further strategic adjustments.
When to Hit or Stand
Your decision to hit or stand depends on two factors:
- The total of your hand
- The dealer’s up-card
Basic Rules for Hitting and Standing:
- Hit on hard totals of 11 or lower.
- Hit on hard totals of 12-16 if the dealer’s up-card is a 7 or higher.
- Stand on hard totals of 17 or higher.
- Stand on totals of 13-16 if the dealer’s up-card is 2-6.
- Hit on totals of 12 if the dealer’s up-card is a 2 or 3, but stand if the dealer shows a 4-6.
- Hit on soft totals of 17 or less.
- Stand on soft totals of 19 or higher.
- Hit on soft 18 if the dealer’s up-card is a 9, 10, or ace; otherwise, stand.
When to Double Down
Doubling down means doubling your bet in exchange for receiving only one more card.
- In American Blackjack, you can double on any two cards.
- In European Blackjack, doubling is sometimes restricted to totals of 9, 10, or 11, though this rule has been phased out in many game variants
Best Times to Double Down:
- Hard 9 against a dealer’s up-card of 2-6.
- Hard 10 or 11 when the dealer’s up-card is lower than your total.
- Soft 13 or 14 against a dealer’s up-card of 5 or 6.
- Soft 15 or 16 against a dealer’s up-card of 4-6.
- Soft 17 or 18 against a dealer’s up-card of 3-6.
Splitting Strategy
Splitting is only allowed when a player's first two cards are of the same rank. As with doubling down, the correct decision depends on the dealer’s up-card.
Optimal Splitting Strategy:
✔ Always split Aces and 8s.
✔ Split 9s, except when the dealer’s up-card is a 7, 10, or Ace - in these cases, stand.
✔ Split 7s against a dealer’s 2-7, otherwise hit.
✔ Split 6s against a dealer’s 3-6; otherwise, hit. If the casino allows doubling after a split, also split against a dealer 2.
✔ Never split 5s - instead, treat them as a hard 10 and double down if possible.
✔ Split 4s only against a dealer’s 5 or 6 and only if doubling after a split is allowed; otherwise, hit.
✔ Split 2s and 3s against a dealer’s 4-7; otherwise, hit. If doubling after a split is allowed, also split against a dealer 2 or 3.
Surrender Strategy
Surrendering in blackjack means giving up your hand and reclaiming half of your original stake. This option is generally only available in American Blackjack, not European Blackjack.
When to Surrender:
- Surrender 15 vs. a dealer 10.
- Surrender 16 vs. a dealer 9, 10, or Ace.
These are marginally correct plays, as surrendering minimises long-term losses in these difficult situations. However, in most cases, playing the hand is better than surrendering.
Blackjack Odds & The House Edge
As already mentioned, when players follow optimal strategy, the house edge in blackjack is typically under 1%.
Why Do Casinos Offer a Game with Such a Low House Edge?
Because most players don’t use optimal strategy, allowing the casino to increase its actual profit margin significantly.
Common Player Mistakes That Increase the House Edge:
❌ Standing on 16 vs. a dealer’s 7-11: One of the most frequent errors, giving the casino a greater advantage.
❌ Refusing to hit when it is mathematically correct: Some players, particularly in Macau, have been observed never taking another card, even when hitting couldn’t bust them. This can increase the house edge to 30%, turning blackjack into one of the most profitable games for casinos.
The Bottom Line
Poor decision-making dramatically increases the house edge, making blackjack far more lucrative for casinos than its advertised low house edge suggests.
While the core game of blackjack is played in two primary formats - American Blackjack and European Blackjack - there are many variations with unique rules, payouts and strategies.
Differences Between American Blackjack & European Blackjack
The main distinction between these two formats lies in how the dealer’s cards are dealt:
- American Blackjack: The dealer receives two cards - one face up and one face down (hole card). If the up-card is an Ace or a 10, the dealer checks for blackjack before players take action.
- European Blackjack: The dealer receives only one face-up card at the start and does not get their second card until after all players have completed their turns. No hole card means no early peek for blackjack, which affects optimal strategy.
This procedural difference creates slight variations in strategy, particularly in doubling down, splitting and surrender decisions.
Single & Double-Deck
Originally, blackjack was played with a single 52-card deck. However, in the 1950s, casinos introduced multi-deck games to counteract card counting.
Key Differences in Single & Double-Deck Blackjack:
- Cards are dealt face down and players handle their own cards.
- Players signal decisions by hand gestures:
- Hit: Brush the cards toward yourself
- Stand: Slide cards face down under your bet.
- Split: Separate the cards face up and place an additional bet.
- Double Down: Slide the cards under your chips and double your bet.
- Shuffling happens more frequently: after roughly half the deck is used, rather than two-thirds (as in multi-deck games).
Though single-deck blackjack is rare today, it remains a popular option for skilled players seeking a lower house edge.
Other Popular Blackjack Variants
Many UK casinos offer blackjack variants that modify core rules and introduce bonus payouts. Here are some of the most well-known:
Spanish 21
A popular blackjack variant where players benefit from more flexible rules but play with a 48-card deck (all 10s removed).
Key Differences in Spanish 21:
✔ More player-friendly rules:
- Players can double down anytime, even after hitting.
- Surrender is allowed at any point, even after drawing cards.
- If the player and dealer both have 21, the player always wins (including blackjacks).
✔ Bonus payouts for special hands totalling 21:
- Five-card 21 → 3:2 payout
- Six-card 21 → 2:1 payout
- Seven or more card 21 → 3:1 payout
- 6-7-8 or 7-7-7 combinations → varied bonus payouts
House Edge:
With optimal strategy, Spanish 21 has a house edge of just 0.4%, making it one of the best-value blackjack games for players.
Blackjack Switch
Invented in 2000, Blackjack Switch allows players to swap the second card of two separate hands before making decisions.
How It Works:
✔ Players must bet on two hands of the same stake.
✔ Before hitting or standing, they can swap the second card of each hand.
✔ Gameplay then follows standard blackjack rules.
Unique Rules:
- If the dealer makes 22, all non-blackjack hands push instead of losing.
- Blackjacks only pay even money (1:1), instead of the usual 3:2.
House Edge:
When played optimally, Blackjack Switch has an incredibly low house edge - as low as 0.17%, making it one of the best-value casino games.
Double Exposure
This unusual blackjack variant reveals both of the dealer’s cards from the start. While this seems like a huge advantage for players, rule changes compensate for it.
Key Differences:
✔ Both dealer’s cards are visible.
✔ Ties lose, except blackjack vs. blackjack (which pushes).
✔ Blackjacks pay even money (1:1), rather than 3:2.
✔ Doubling is restricted to 9, 10, or 11 (like in European Blackjack).
✔ No surrender option (since players can already see the dealer’s full hand).
Strategic Impact:
- Players must hit aggressively, even in situations that would normally call for standing (e.g. hitting on a hard 20 if the dealer has 20).
- Because of the ties-lose rule, the house edge is higher than regular blackjack.
Final Thoughts on Blackjack Variants
From Spanish 21’s player-friendly rules to Blackjack Switch’s unique twist, different blackjack variants offer different levels of excitement and strategy. While some have lower house edges than classic blackjack, others compensate with altered payouts or rule changes.
For players looking to maximise their odds, standard American or European Blackjack remains the best choice - as long as optimal strategy is used.
Many players use betting systems in blackjack, hoping to overcome the house edge. While no system can guarantee long-term profit, structured betting can offer some benefits - helping players manage their bankroll and avoid impulsive decisions.
Types of Betting Systems
Most betting strategies fall into two categories:
✔ Positive Progression Systems: Increase bets after wins, aiming to maximise profit during winning streaks.
✔ Negative Progression Systems: Increase bets after losses, aiming to recover losses when a win eventually occurs.
Positive Progression Systems
These systems increase bets after wins and typically reset to the original bet after a loss. The goal is to capitalise on winning streaks while limiting risk, as losses don’t escalate.
This is sometimes called "playing with the house’s money", as larger bets are placed using previous winnings.
Key Benefit:
✔ Losses are limited to the original stake, as bets don’t increase after losses.
Potential Drawback:
❌ Winning streaks aren’t guaranteed, meaning profits rely on short-term luck.
Negative Progression Systems
These systems increase bet size after losses and decrease after a win. The idea is that a single win can recover previous losses.
Key Benefit:
✔ A win can bring a player back into profit or significantly reduce losses.
Major Risk:
❌ Long losing streaks can result in huge bets, making these systems risky.
❌ Table limits and bankroll restrictions often prevent long-term success.
While some negative progression systems work in theory, practical constraints - like casino table limits and limited funds - make them ineffective over time.
Why Blackjack Betting Systems Are More Complicated
Unlike games such as roulette, where bets are fixed, blackjack has additional financial considerations:
🔹 Doubling down requires doubling your stake.
🔹 Splitting pairs requires an additional bet for each new hand.
🔹 Some casinos allow multiple splits, increasing the potential investment per round.
These factors can interfere with betting systems - particularly those that require doubling the bet after a loss.
Why Martingale & Paroli Struggle in Blackjack
- Martingale (Negative Progression): Since players must sometimes double or split, they might be forced to abandon optimal strategy if their betting progression reaches an advanced stage. This disrupts the system and can cause unexpected losses.
- Paroli (Positive Progression): This system assumes you are only reinvesting winnings, but in blackjack, doubling or splitting may require additional funds, making it harder to control risk.
Final Thoughts on Blackjack Staking Systems
While betting systems cannot beat the house edge, they can help structure play and enforce bankroll discipline. However, blackjack’s unique gameplay elements - like doubling, splitting and table limits - make many traditional betting systems impractical.
In the next section, we’ll examine some of the most popular and obscure staking strategies, evaluating their suitability for blackjack.
Let’s start with negative progression systems:
Martingale System
The Martingale system is a classic betting strategy where a player doubles their bet after every loss until they win. When a win eventually occurs, the player recovers all previous losses and gains a profit of one unit.
Does It Work?
While the concept seems foolproof, it has two major flaws:
❌ Long losing streaks are more common than you think, leading to rapidly escalating bets.
❌ Casino table limits prevent players from doubling their bet indefinitely, making it impossible to recover losses once the limit is reached.
Why Martingale Fails in Blackjack
As outlined above, the Martingale is not suited to blackjack - or any form of gambling. The need to double or split hands in blackjack further complicates this strategy, often forcing players to abandon optimal play.
For a deeper dive into the most famous yet flawed betting system of all time, check out our dedicated article on the Martingale system.
Fibonacci Betting System
The Fibonacci system is a negative progression betting strategy based on the Fibonacci sequence - a famous mathematical pattern used in science, nature and mathematics for centuries.
How the Fibonacci Sequence Works
The Fibonacci sequence begins with 1, 1 and each subsequent number is the sum of the two preceding numbers. The first 20 numbers in the sequence are:
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987, 1597, 2584, 4181, 6765.
How the Fibonacci System Works in Betting
- Increase your bet by moving one step up the sequence after each loss.
- Decrease your bet by moving two steps back after a win.
Is Fibonacci a Viable Blackjack Strategy?
✔ Less aggressive than Martingale: Since bets increase more gradually, it is better suited to blackjack than the Martingale system.
❌ Still risky: Losing streaks can still escalate bets quickly and the system struggles with doubling and splitting at advanced stages of the sequence.
While not as extreme as Martingale, the Fibonacci system still doesn’t overcome the house edge and has similar limitations due to table limits and bankroll constraints.
D'Alembert Betting System
Developed by French mathematician Jean-Baptiste le Rond d’Alembert, this negative progression betting system increases a player's stake by one unit after each loss and decreases it by one unit after each win.
Why Is D’Alembert Popular?
Next to Martingale, the D’Alembert system is one of the most widely used betting strategies in gambling.
✔ Beginners often favour it because it gradually increases bets, putting less strain on bankrolls than more aggressive systems.
✔ Unlike Martingale, bets don’t escalate exponentially, making it easier to manage over longer sessions.
The Drawback
❌ Recovery is slow after a losing streak: While losses don’t escalate as quickly as in Martingale, the downside is that winning back losses takes longer.
How to Use the D’Alembert System
- Choose a base unit (your initial wager).
- Start with a single unit bet.
- Increase your stake by one unit after a loss.
- Decrease your stake by one unit after a win.
This system is designed for slower, more controlled betting, but like all progression strategies, it doesn’t change the house edge and can still lead to significant losses during extended losing streaks.
Labouchere System
Originally developed for roulette by Henry Labouchere in the 1800s, the Labouchere betting system has since been adapted for blackjack and even sports betting.
Also known as the Cancellation System, Split Martingale, or American Progression, it remains popular among experienced players despite its complexity. However, it is not well-suited for beginners due to its intricate nature.
How the Labouchere System Works
Labouchere is another negative progression betting system, meaning you increase your bet after each loss with the goal of eventually recovering losses. However, the risk is running out of bankroll before a winning streak occurs.
Step-by-Step Guide to Using Labouchere
1️. Choose a sequence of numbers.
- Example: 1-2-3 (total sum = 6, representing the profit target for the cycle).
2️. Calculate your first bet.
- Your stake equals the sum of the first and last numbers in the sequence.
- Example: 1 + 3 = 4 → First bet = 4 units.
3️. Winning a bet:
- Remove the first and last numbers from the sequence.
- Example: If you win the 4-unit bet, the sequence is now just [2].
4️. Losing a bet:
- Add the lost stake to the end of the sequence.
- Example: If you lose the 4-unit bet, the sequence becomes 1-2-3-4.
5️. Repeat this process after every wager.
- Continue betting the sum of the first and last numbers until the sequence is cleared.
Is Labouchere a Good Strategy for Blackjack?
✔ More structured than Martingale: It doesn't escalate bets as aggressively.
❌ Complex and bankroll-heavy: A long losing streak can still result in large bets.
❌ Doesn’t change the house edge: Like all progression systems, it relies on streaks rather than actual strategy.
Next, we explore positive progression strategies - betting systems designed to maximize winnings quickly during a winning streak.
Paroli Betting System
In the Paroli system, players double their stake after each win, aiming for three consecutive wins. If successful, the player secures a 7-unit profit after the third bet, while a loss at any stage results in only a 1-unit loss.
How the Paroli System Works
Unlike negative progression systems, Paroli is a positive progression strategy - bets only increase after wins, not losses. This minimises risk while maximising potential gains during winning streaks.
Step-by-Step Guide to Using Paroli
1️. Start with a 1-unit bet.
- If the bet loses, restart with 1 unit.
- If the bet wins, double your stake.
2️. Place a 2-unit bet.
- If this bet loses, restart with 1 unit.
- If this bet wins, double your stake again.
3️. Place a 4-unit bet.
- If this final bet wins, the cycle is complete with a 7-unit profit.
- After completing a winning sequence, restart with a 1-unit bet.
Why Use the Paroli System?
✔ Encourages winning streaks: Profits grow quickly while risks stay low.
✔ Minimises losses: A single loss only costs 1 unit.
❌ Requires discipline: Players must reset after three wins, avoiding greed.
❌ No impact on the house edge: Winning streaks aren’t guaranteed.
1-2-3-6 Betting System
The 1-3-2-6 betting system is one of the simplest and safest staking strategies. Many gamblers appreciate its simplicity and ease of use, as well as its potential for instant rewards if the first two bets win.
Originally designed for Baccarat and Roulette, it can also be applied to Blackjack. Players define a unit stake and increase their bets as they progress through the 1-3-2-6 sequence. If they lose a hand, the sequence resets.
Step-by-Step Guide to Using the 1-3-2-6 System
1️. Start with a 1-unit bet.
- If the bet loses, restart with 1 unit.
- If the bet wins, increase the stake to 3 units.
2️. Place a 3-unit bet.
- If the bet loses, restart with 1 unit.
- If the bet wins, decrease the next stake to 2 units.
3️. Place a 2-unit bet.
- If the bet loses, restart with 1 unit.
- If the bet wins, increase the final stake to 6 units.
4️. Place a 6-unit bet.
- If the final bet wins, restart with 1 unit, having banked a full cycle profit.
- If the bet loses, restart the sequence.
Why Use the 1-3-2-6 System?
✔ Simple & structured: Easy to follow, making it great for beginners.
✔ Minimises risk: Most bets use winnings, not additional bankroll.
❌ Limited profit potential: A single loss resets progress.
❌ No effect on the house edge: Winning streaks aren’t guaranteed.
Oscar's Grind Betting System
Oscar’s Grind focuses on small, steady gains. The key rule is to increase bets by 1 unit after a win and maintain the same stake after a loss.
Commonly used for even-money bets, this system works best when players set a clear profit goal before starting.
How Oscar’s Grind Works
Unlike aggressive progression systems, Oscar’s Grind aims for slow, controlled profits without rapidly escalating bet sizes.
Step-by-Step Guide to Using Oscar’s Grind
1️. Set a winning goal.
- Example: 5 units of profit.
2️. Choose a base unit size.
- Example: 1 unit per bet.
3️. Place a 1-unit bet.
- If you lose, repeat the same bet size.
- If you win, increase the next bet by 1 unit.
4️. Continue betting with these rules:
- Add 1 unit after each win.
- Maintain the same stake after a loss.
- Stop once the profit goal is reached.
Why Use Oscar’s Grind?
✔ Gradual bet increases: Does not escalate wagers too quickly.
✔ Structured approach: Designed to grind out small wins over time.
❌ Requires patience: Winning sessions can take time to complete.
❌ Can lead to high stakes: A long losing streak before reaching the goal may demand a large bankroll.
Raab Staggered Progressive System
While Paroli and Oscar’s Grind have limitations in Blackjack, they can be modified for better performance. One such adaptation is the Staggered Progressive Betting System, developed by me, Jonathan Raab!
Devised in the late 1990s, this system is less volatile than Oscar’s Grind, designed to maximise profits during hot streaks while requiring only two consecutive wins to secure a profit.
How the Raab Staggered Progressive Works
The system increases bet size after each win but resets after a loss. Unlike traditional progression systems, it reduces the size of bet increases for the third and fourth bets, making it more controlled.
Players should start with a minimum bankroll of 20 units.
Step-by-Step Betting Sequence
1️. First Bet: 2 units
- If you win, proceed to the second bet.
- If you lose, restart with 2 units.
2️. Second Bet: 4 units
- If you win, proceed to the third bet.
- If you lose, restart with 2 units.
3️. Third Bet: 5 units
- If you win, proceed to the fourth bet.
- If you lose, restart with 2 units.
4️. Fourth Bet: 6 units
- If you win, proceed to the fifth bet.
- If you lose, restart with 2 units.
5️. Fifth Bet: 8 units
- If you win, proceed to the sixth bet.
- If you lose, restart with 2 units.
6️. Sixth Bet: 10 units
- If you win, either continue increasing bets until the table maximum or restart with 2 units.
- If you lose, restart with 2 units.
Since splits and doubles increase costs, it’s advisable to end the sequence after six consecutive wins.
Why Use the Raab Staggered Progressive?
✔ Less volatile than Oscar’s Grind: Keeps bet increases manageable.
✔ Profit secured after two consecutive wins: Even if later bets lose.
❌ Bankroll limitations: Players should not start a new sequence if they have less than 4 units remaining.
❌ Requires discipline: Chasing losses or ignoring bankroll restrictions can lead to financial strain.
Playing blackjack in a real-life casino is a different experience to playing online, with unwritten rules to follow. These include adhering to the dress code and bringing valid photo ID.
At the blackjack table, gambling etiquette becomes even more important. Here’s what you need to know to avoid mistakes and ensure a smooth experience.
When is it Appropriate to Join a Blackjack Table?
Some casinos do not allow mid-shoe entry, especially in single- and double-deck games, as a safeguard against card counters who might join when the count is favourable. Even if mid-shoe entry is permitted, it’s polite to ask before sitting down at a live blackjack table.
Live play is much slower than online blackjack, so be patient if other players take their time making decisions. Avoid criticising their play - most won’t follow optimal strategy and some may refuse to hit on a hard 16 against a strong dealer up-card.
The casino benefits from these mistakes and correcting other players will only make you unpopular with both them and the casino staff. It could even reduce your chances of receiving complimentary perks, like free drinks or buffet comps.
At the blackjack table, act decisively, don’t slow down the game and be polite. Light table banter is fine, but avoid excessive chatter.
Essential Table Etiquette
✔ Place your bets clearly in your designated betting box.
✔ Use hand signals in addition to verbally announcing your decisions.
✔ Avoid touching your cards when playing face-up games.
✔ Respect other players' space and decisions.
Hand Signals in Blackjack
Hand signals are an important part of live blackjack, yet they often intimidate beginners. Using them correctly helps prevent confusion and ensures the dealer understands your decisions.
Getting signals wrong could result in miscommunication or lost hands, so it's best to familiarise yourself with them before heading to the tables.
Hand signals differ depending on whether the cards are dealt face up or face down.
Hand Signals for Face-Up Games
- Stand: Wave your hand from left to right over the cards (keep your arm still).
- Hit: Tap the table or point at your cards.
- Double Down: Place an additional bet beside your original wager and hold up one finger.
- Split: Place another bet next to your first and hold up two fingers in a V-shape.
Note: In face-up blackjack, players should not touch the cards during the game.
Hand Signals for Face-Down Games
- Stand: Slide your cards underneath your chips without disturbing the stack. This should be done smoothly and confidently.
- Hit: Gently swipe your index finger across the table in a side-to-side motion.
- Double Down: Add a second bet by placing more chips and holding up one finger.
- Split: Place chips next to your original wager and hold up two fingers.
Advantage play refers to legal techniques that allow players to reduce or even overcome the house edge in blackjack. While not considered cheating, successful use of these methods can still lead to a casino banning or restricting a player.
Common Advantage Play Techniques
Advantage play can take several forms, including:
- Card counting: Tracking high and low cards to adjust bets strategically.
- Shuffle tracking: Observing shuffles to predict card placement.
- Hole carding: Attempting to glimpse the dealer’s hole card.
Casinos actively defend against these strategies, sometimes with countermeasures that push ethical boundaries.
For instance, hole carding - where a player or an accomplice tries to spot a poorly protected dealer’s down card - often involves collusion. A player not seated at the table may signal information to an accomplice who is betting.
While this isn't technically illegal, many casinos consider it an unacceptable exploitation of dealer mistakes.
Maximising Rewards as an Advantage Player
Another way to shift the odds in your favour is by leveraging casino rewards and comps. While this isn’t an advantage play technique in the traditional sense, reducing costs on gambling trips through free rooms, meals, or other perks can improve long-term profitability.
Online casino bonuses might seem like another way to gain an edge, but wagering requirements and restrictions - detailed in the terms and conditions - usually neutralise any potential advantage when playing blackjack.
Card Counting Tips & Advice for Blackjack
Card counting is a technique players use to shift the odds slightly in their favour in blackjack. It works because when there are more tens and face cards left in the deck, the player's chances improve. Conversely, a deck rich in low-value cards (2s, 3s, 4s, 5s and 6s) favours the house.
In theory, when the remaining deck has a higher proportion of 10-value cards, a player tracking the count should increase their bet size to take advantage of this opportunity.
However, there are several reasons why card counting is far less effective in practice than in theory.
Why Card Counting is Harder Than It Seems
- Tracking the count is difficult: Unless you have an exceptional memory, it's challenging to recall exactly how many of each card have been dealt and apply the math to determine an edge.
- Simplified counting methods exist: Some systems track only high cards, low cards and aces to make counting easier, but even these require focus and practice.
- Casinos have countermeasures: Most casinos use six or eight decks and deal from a shoe. Instead of playing through all the cards, they reshuffle when about two-thirds of the deck has been dealt, greatly reducing the effectiveness of card counting.
- Continuous shuffling machines (CSMs): Many casinos now use CSMs, which reshuffle cards after every round, making it impossible to track the deck composition. If you’re considering card counting, avoid tables with automatic shufflers, which have made card counting nearly obsolete
Most online blackjack games shuffle a fresh deck after every hand, preventing any form of advantage play.
Playing Online Blackjack
When playing blackjack online, you’ll often find multiple versions available - but which one should you choose?
RNG vs. Live Dealer Blackjack
Your first decision is whether to play a Random Number Generator (RNG) game or a Live Dealer game featuring real dealers and physical cards streamed in real time.
Key Differences
- RNG Blackjack: Ideal for players who prefer fast-paced gameplay, as there’s no waiting for other players to act.
- Live Dealer Blackjack: Offers a more authentic, social experience, replicating the feel of a real casino.
Choosing the Right Online Blackjack Game
If you’re looking for classic online blackjack, similar to what you’d find in a real-life casino, look for games labelled American Blackjack or European Blackjack.
You may also encounter Atlantic City Blackjack, which is nearly identical to American Blackjack but with a few minor rule differences. Other versions, such as Single-Deck Blackjack and Double-Deck Blackjack, also follow the core American Blackjack rules.
Many software developers have introduced their own variations of blackjack, often under brand names. Some feature progressive jackpots or unique side bets, while others significantly alter game mechanics - many of which are covered in the Blackjack Variants section earlier in this guide.
Like many gambling games, the precise origins of blackjack are uncertain, but the developments that shaped the modern game are well-documented.
While the version played today was established in the early 20th century, it evolved from earlier games with similar mechanics.
French Origins
Though blackjack likely has older roots, it gained prominence in 17th-century France under the name Vingt-et-Un - French for "21", the highest possible hand.
Its scoring system is believed to have been influenced by baccarat, which predated Vingt-et-Un in European casinos.
The game was introduced to the Americas by French migrants who settled in New Orleans, Louisiana. However, it wasn’t until the 20th century that it became widely known as blackjack.
During World War I, some casinos promoted the game - then called "21" - by offering 10-to-1 payouts for a hand consisting of an Ace and a Jack of Clubs. Although these promotions were short-lived, the name "blackjack" remained.
In 1931, when Las Vegas legalised gambling, blackjack's official rules were set and the game as we know it was established.
A Game of Skill
Unlike pure games of chance, blackjack allows players to make strategic decisions, such as choosing whether to draw additional cards. This gave it a reputation as a game of skill, attracting players who believed they could gain an edge.
However, it wasn’t until the 1950s that the optimal way to play became widely known.
Originally, blackjack was played with a single deck and all cards were dealt before the deck was shuffled. Some observant players began tracking the cards, realising they could gain an advantage.
"Beat the Dealer" & the Rise of Card Counting
In 1956, four mathematicians - Roger Baldwin, Wilbert Cantey, Herbert Maisel and James McDermott - published an essay titled "The Optimum Strategy in Blackjack", outlining the mathematically correct way to play.
Building on their work, in 1962, Edward Thorp published "Beat the Dealer", introducing the general public to card counting - a method that could shift the odds in the player's favor.
Armed with newfound knowledge, blackjack's popularity soared. However, most players struggled to count cards effectively, so casino profits remained strong despite the game's growing reputation as one that could be "beaten".
As with all gambling games, blackjack has accumulated its fair share of myths, misconceptions and superstitions. Let’s examine some of the most common ones and separate fact from fiction.
Myth: Blackjack is a game of pure chance.
Reality: While luck plays a significant role in individual hands, blackjack involves a strategic element. Players who follow optimal strategy can reduce the house edge significantly compared to games based purely on chance.
Myth: Card counting is illegal.
Reality: No, card counting is not illegal. However, casinos are private businesses and can refuse service to anyone they suspect of counting cards. Refusing to leave when asked could result in trespassing charges in some jurisdictions.
Using electronic or mechanical devices to assist with card counting is illegal and could lead to immediate arrest.
Myth: The house always wins.
Reality: The casino does not win every hand, but the house edge ensures profitability over time. While long-term play generally favours the casino, players can win individual sessions and even experience significant hot streaks.
Myth: In European blackjack, the last player should “take a card for the table”.
Reality: This is pure superstition. Players should always make decisions based on mathematical probability, not table dynamics. Taking a card “for the table” is a flawed belief that has no impact on the dealer’s outcome.
Blackjack Myths That Also Apply to Other Casino Games
Myth: Some seats at the table are luckier than others.
Reality: All seats are equally random. The house edge applies regardless of where you sit - changing seats won’t change the odds.
Myth: Never count your money at the table.
Reality: This phrase comes from Kenny Rogers' song “The Gambler” and has little relevance to blackjack. In fact, it’s crucial to track your bankroll to ensure you have enough chips for splits and doubles, especially when increasing stakes.
Myth: Some betting systems guarantee a profit.
Reality: While certain betting systems appear profitable in theory, they rely on unlimited funds and ignore table maximums. No betting system can overcome the house edge in the long run.
Myth: “Winner, winner, chicken dinner” is a real blackjack dealer call.
Reality: Contrary to what the movie ‘Casino’ suggests, blackjack dealers never used this phrase before the film popularised it. However, some now say it ironically, often accompanied by an eye roll when tourists insist on hearing it.
While not as universally popular as poker, blackjack tournaments do take place in some casinos.
Although the rules of blackjack remain the same, the objective is different - players compete against each other, rather than solely against the house.
How Blackjack Tournaments Work
Similar to a poker tournament:
- Each player starts with a set number of chips (with no monetary value).
- Players play a fixed number of hands against the dealer.
- After the final hand, the player(s) with the most chips advance to the next round.
Tournament Format
- Betting Rotation: Players take turns placing bets and the deal rotates after each hand.
- Betting Limits: Minimum and maximum bets apply.
- Types of Tournaments: Some are VIP invitation-only, while others have cash buy-ins and are open to all.
Blackjack Tournament Strategy
Unlike standard blackjack, your goal is not just to beat the dealer - but to outperform your opponents. Because hands are still played against the dealer, players with the same total will receive the same outcome (win, lose, or push).
Key Differences from Regular Blackjack Strategy
✔ Conservative play is the norm: Most hands are played cautiously, using standard strategy.
✔ Chip accumulation matters: Players may need to take bigger risks to stay ahead or catch up.
✔ Final hand adjustments: The last few hands often require high-risk plays to secure a win.
Example:
If you must win the last hand while your opponent must lose and you both have 18, the correct play is to hit - even though it’s statistically incorrect in regular blackjack. If you don’t hit, you lose. If you hit and don’t bust, you increase your chances of winning if the dealer draws an 18 or higher.
Key Blackjack Tournament Strategy Tips
Betting Strategies
✔ Start conservatively, becoming more aggressive as the round progresses.
✔ If ahead, mirror your closest challengers' bets to maintain your lead.
✔ When trailing, vary bet sizes (bet big when the leader bets small and vice versa).
✔ Adjust for the final hands - Increase bet sizes when necessary to stay ahead or catch up.
Observation & Chip Management
✔ Track chip stacks: Always compare your stack to other players.
✔ Monitor opponents' betting habits: Look for patterns to adjust your own bets accordingly.
Positional Advantage
✔ Position matters: The last player to act has a significant advantage.
✔ Tactical betting: If others bet small, consider betting big to gain chips. Conversely, if most bet big, betting small could help minimise losses if they lose.
Basic vs. Tournament Blackjack Strategy
✔ Use optimal blackjack strategy as a foundation but deviate when necessary.
✔ In the final hand, make unconventional plays (e.g., doubling down on a hard total that might bust) if it’s your only chance to win.
Blackjack Basics Covered - Time to Put Them to Use
By completing this guide, you’ve now gained a solid understanding of blackjack fundamentals and key strategies - essential for making informed decisions and improving your chances at the table.
Blackjack FAQs
What is Blackjack?
Blackjack is a gambling game played with a standard 52-card deck of cards in which players win by achieving a score higher than the dealer’s, without exceeding 21.
Is Blackjack similar to Baccarat?
Blackjack and Baccarat are very different games, however both assign the same numerical values to cards.
Is card counting legal?
Yes, card counting is legal, but it can result in being banned from playing.
Is Blackjack a game of luck or skill?
Blackjack is predominantly a game of chance, however it does have a skill element, as using basic strategy can reduce the house edge to a very small margin.
Which staking strategies work best for Blackjack?
Players should be cautious when using any staking strategy to play Blackjack, especially being aware of how much bankroll might be required if multiple splits and doubles occur.
Is Blackjack similar to Pontoon?
Yes, Blackjack is a variant of Pontoon, adapted for play against the house.
How much does a natural Blackjack pay?
In most casinos a natural Blackjack pays 3:2, however some casinos only pay 6:5 at some tables, especially low stakes tables.
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